Bimetallic MOF-derived metal-doped nanoporous carbon incorporated laser-induced graphene-based flexible epidermal patch for multimodal perspiration analysis
Nanoporous carbon materials derived from monometallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising for electrochemical sensing; however, integration of bimetallic modification and carbonization can further enhance their conductivity, catalytic activity, and overall electrochemical performance. In this work, we developed a flexible electrochemical epidermal patch incorporating Co@Ni@Carbon with laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes. This Co@Ni@Carbon was synthesized via sequential cobalt doping of a nickel-based MOF followed by high-temperature carbonization. This multimodal patch enables reliable monitoring of sweat glucose, pH, sodium, and temperature for comprehensive physiological assessment. The fabricated Co@Ni@Carbon-modified electrode demonstrated a marked enhancement in both electrochemical surface area and electrocatalytic performance. This results in high glucose sensitivity of 124 μAmM−1 cm−2 within the physiological range (0–2 mM) with a 2.7 μM detection limit (LOD). In addition, the polyaniline-based pH sensor and Na+ ion selective electrode (ISE) demonstrated nearly Nernstian sensitivities of −58.85 mV/pH for (pH 3–9) and 64.49 mV/decade, respectively. Our sensor also demonstrates high reproducibility, strong long-term stability, and reliable strain-tolerance performance. Moreover, the incorporation of LIG offers excellent mechanical flexibility for conformal contact with skin, enabling reliable and stable signal acquisition. Lastly, the electrochemical multimodal patch was employed to track a human volunteer's perspiration during indoor stationary cycling.
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