ZIF-67/organometallic-derived Co/NPC@TiO2 nanohybrids by laser pyrolysis for flexible skin-interfaced sweat-analysis multimodal patch

Although metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived nanoporous carbon (NPC) materials offer several advantages for electrochemical sensor applications, conventional high-temperature carbonization often leads to particle agglomeration and complex synthesis. Here, we introduce a facile, time-efficient, and high-performance electrode based on Co/NPC@TiO2 nanohybrids, synthesized from ZIF-67(Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67)@TTIP(Titanium tetraisopropoxide) by a one-step laser pyrolysis process. The nanohybrids on laser-scribed graphene (LSG) are formed by decomposing the precursor's organic components under localized laser heating. This process enables the rapid fabrication of conductive electrodes and promotes strong interfacial interaction between the nanohybrids and LSG. In addition, a skin-interfaced multimodal biosensing patch based on the Co/NPC@TiO₂ nanohybrids is firstly fabricated for monitoring sweat glucose, uric acid, pH, and skin temperature. The resulting electrode has a high electrochemical surface area, and supports enzyme immobilization and uniform platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) deposition, thereby enhancing sensing performance. The fabricated uric acid sensor exhibits an excellent sensitivity of 267 μA mM−1 cm−2 across the concentration range of 10–510 μM, and the glucose sensor demonstrates a sensitivity of 147.04 μA mM−1 cm−2 within the physiological range of 5-1500 μM. The sensor responses have been calibrated using a pH- and temperature-compensation algorithm and demonstrated through real-time human perspiration analysis. The nanohybrids show great potential for developing advanced wearable biosensing platforms for personalized healthcare applications.